Each fall, elk enter their breeding season, known as the rut, which typically occurs from early September through mid-October. During this time, bulls (male elk) compete for the opportunity to mate with cows (female elk). Hormonal changes drive this behavior—testosterone levels in bulls rise sharply, fueling increased aggression, vocalizations, and physical displays.
One of the most distinctive features of the rut is the bugle of the bull elk. This unique call, which begins as a deep growl and rises into a high-pitched whistle, can be heard over a mile away. Bugling serves multiple purposes: it attracts cows, signals dominance to rival bulls, and helps maintain control of a harem (a group of cows). Researchers believe bugle pitch and frequency can even communicate a bull’s size and fitness to both competitors and potential mates.
In addition to vocalizations, bulls use physical displays to establish dominance. They thrash vegetation with their antlers, wallow in mud or urine to enhance their scent, and posture to appear larger. When two evenly matched bulls meet, they may engage in antler-locking contests. These battles are intense but rarely fatal; the goal is to demonstrate strength and stamina rather than inflict serious harm. Successful bulls may control harems of 10 to 20 cows, though keeping them together requires constant effort.
For volunteers, the rut is an ideal time to point out these behaviors to guests. Share that cows are most receptive to breeding for only a short window, meaning bulls must stay vigilant and expend significant energy during this season. Visitors may notice bulls bugling frequently, sparring with rivals, or herding cows together. Providing these details not only enhances the visitor experience but also underscores the ecological importance of elk behavior within the park’s landscape.